Download or read book Vertical Reference Systems written by Hermann Drewes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002-08-06 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book contains the papers presented at the IAG Symposium on Vertical Reference Systems held in Cartagena, Colombia, in February 2001. It covers the status report of existing height reference systems and the latest steps towards the establishment of a unified vertical reference system. Classical and modern height determination techniques are included as well as the determination of height reference surfaces like sea level and geoid. Emphasis is also given to the variations of the reference systems with time, i.e., sea level changes and geodynamic deformations.