Germanic languages have been recognized as having not only intensifying or focus particles, but also so-called modal particles. The relevant items are specializ

This book is about particles in the narrower sense of the word as opposed to the broader meaning covering all uninflected words of a language. In the narrower m

What do we mean when we say things like 'If only we knew what he was up to!' Clearly this is more than just a message, or a question to our addressee. We are ex

This study explores the grammar of focus particles in German. It gives a thorough description and analysis of focus particle constructions and links their synta

The study of language contact in the „new" English varieties is frequently influenced by sociolinguistic approaches and reference to substrate languages but m