Participation and representation are two fundamental elements and principles of democracy: they affirm that a democracy is dependent on its citizens and that th

Volume numbers determined from Scope of the guidelines, p. 12-13.

How institutions foster and hinder political participation of the underrepresented

This book describes the levels of unequal electoral participation in thirty-six countries worldwide, examines possible causes of this phenomenon, and discusses

The 2021 edition includes input indicators on public finance and employment; process indicators include data on institutions, budgeting practices, human resourc