For most observers, the decades between the great crusading expeditions of the twelfth century saw little contact of note between the Holy Land and Western Euro

A new look at the crusaders, which shows how they pursued long-term plans and clear strategic goals Medieval states, and particularly crusader societies, often

Alexander III was one of the most important popes of the Middle Ages and his papacy (1159-81) marked a significant watershed in the history of the Western Churc

For much of the twelfth century the ideals and activities of crusaders were often described in language more normally associated with a monastic rather than a m