Italy in the Middle Ages was unique among the countries of Europe in recreating, in a changed environment, the urban civilization of antiquity - the society, cu

This comprehensive yet suggestive book offers innovative answers to familiar questions, as in the articles of David Whitehead and Erich Gruen on the nature and

From the 11th century onwards, many Italian towns achieved independence as political entities, unhindered by any centralising power. Until the late 13th century