The Test of English as a Foreign Language TM (TOEFL®) is used by more universities worldwide than any other test to assess English language proficiency for aca

Building a Validity Argument for the Test of English as a Foreign Language(TM) is distinctive in its attempt to develop a coherent story of the rationale for a

Language tests play pivotal roles in education, research on learning, and gate-keeping decisions. The central concern for language testing professionals is how

Over the years, various approaches to validation have emerged in psychological and educational assessment research, which can be classified into traditional app

This second edition of The Routledge Handbook of Language Testing provides an updated and comprehensive account of the area of language testing and assessment.