Historical analysis of the German Democratic Republic has tended to adopt a top-down model of the transmission of authority. However, developments were more com

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The familiar story of Soviet power in Cold War Eastern Europe focuses on political repression and military force. But in Empire of Friends, Rachel Applebaum sho

The collapse of state socialism in eastern and central Europe in 1989 had a dramatic impact on women. Witnessing the loss of state support for their economic ac