Phylogenetic relationships and the origin of social behavior in the Vespidae. The solitary and presocial Vespidae. The Stenogastrinae. Polistes. Belonogaster, M

'Social' insects and arachnids exhibit complex forms of behavior that involve cooperation in building a nest, defending against attackers or rearing offspring.

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Fossils document the existence of trees and wood-associated organisms from almost 400 million years ago, and today there are between 400,000 and 1 million wood-