In the course of a single investor-state dispute, an arbitrator may make numerous decisions, from interpreting the treaty or national laws to taking into accoun

Today thousands of investors act globally in markets providing services, technology or capital in countries all around the world. This activity can be peacefull

Investor-State disputes are increasing and damage awards are often significant. It is thus no surprise that the investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) system

This open access book focuses on public actors with a role in the settlement of investment disputes. Traditional studies on actors in international investment l

This open access book examines the multiple intersections between national and international courts in the field of investment protection, and suggests possible