In the age of the Grand Tour, foreigners flocked to Italy to gawk at its ruins and paintings, enjoy its salons and cafés, attend the opera, and revel in their

In 1734 the kingdom of Naples became an independent monarchy, but in 1799 a Jacobin revolution transformed it briefly into a republic. In these few but intense

On an eighteenth-century map of European culture, Italian musicians would be found almost everywhere. Unlike in earlier ages, they now provided an intrinsic par