This book uses empirical analysis to show that courts refrain from using the proportionality test as a means of judicial activism.

A comparative and empirical analysis of proportionality in the case law of six constitutional and supreme courts.

This book addresses the principle of proportionality, which is currently one of the most important instruments of judicial review, from both analytical and theo

A comparison of proportionality, the dominant doctrine in constitutional law worldwide, with the American doctrine of balancing.

5.2.3. Burden of Proof