This document describes the state of knowledge of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for skin sensitisation initiated by covalent binding to proteins, assesses t

This Test Guideline addresses the human health hazard endpoint skin sensitisation, following exposure to a test chemical. It provides an in chemico procedure (D

Social pressure to minimize the use of animal testing, the ever-increasing concern on animal welfare, and the need for more human-relevant and more predictive t

This open access book presents recent advances in the pure sciences that are of significance in the quest for alternatives to the use of animals in research and

Efforts are being made by research organizations and cosmetic industries worldwide to develop more precise and targeted 3D models that mimic humans for testing