From 1941-1944 Leningrad saw by far the largest-scale famine ever to occur in a developed society. This book examines the nature and consequences of the extreme

This is the first detailed study of the standard of living of ordinary Russians following World War II. It examines urban living conditions under the Stalinist

When the German High Command encircled Leningrad it was a deliberate policy to eradicate the city’s civilian population by starving them to death. As winter s

Chronicles the three year siege of Leningrad during World War II, focusing on the city's inhabitants, the inner workings of the Communist Party and secret polic

Wartime Suffering and Survival explores how average people survive in the face of incredible odds. Using diaries, recollections, police records, interviews, and