Among the most important reasons that artificial reefs have been created are the protection of the seabed with macroalgae, the possibility of improving fishing,

Beneath the coastal waters of the world lie thousands of artificial reefs. Some are old and retired freighters and ships that once plied the oceans of the world

Most European seas articifial reef (AR) programmes are included in this book. Interests in ARs are varied, ranging from the "expected" fishery enhancement throu

Coral reef declines have been recorded for all major tropical ocean basins since the 1980s, averaging approximately 30-50% reductions in reef cover globally. Th