Society today may be more vulnerable to global-scale, long-term, climate change than ever before. Even without any human influence, past records show that clima

How can we understand and rise to the environmental challenges of global change? One clear answer is to understand the science of global change, not solely in t

Society today may be more vulnerable to global-scale, long-term, climate change than ever before. Even without any human influence, past records show that clima

We live on a dynamic Earth shaped by both natural processes and the impacts of humans on their environment. It is in our collective interest to observe and unde

This volume reflects the current state of scientific knowledge about natural climate variability on decade-to-century time scales. It covers a wide range of rel