By the early twentieth century, there were close to two hundred American missionaries working in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. They came in droves as earl

This book focuses on American missionary activities in the Ottoman Empire. After the construction of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission in

The complex relationship between America and the Arab world goes back further than most people realize. In Artillery of Heaven, Ussama Makdisi presents a founda

From the early phases of modern missions, Christian missionaries supported many humanitarian activities, mostly framed as subservient to the preaching of Christ

History of the way nineteenth and early twentieth century American missionaries affected future U.S.-Middle East relations.