It also includes the role of foreign powers in the Middle East, especially France, Great Britain, the former Soviet Union, and the United States."--BOOK JACKET.

This reference volume is the definitive guide to the economics and politics of the Middle East. It provides clear definitions detailing terms, concepts, names a

Examines the region from its pre-Islamic period to the present day, its regional conflicts, and technology.

Encompasses the interaction of political, historical, social, economic, and cultural movements as well as relevant persons (living and dead), places, and events

"In 2012, the year 1433 of the Muslim calendar, the Islamic population throughout the world was estimated at approximately a billion and a half, representing ab