Water, our planet's life force, faces multiple challenges in the 21st century, including surging global demand, shifting climate patterns, and the urgent need f

Water is a precious and vital resource for human survival and well-being. However, increasing populations has led to a growing demand, resulting in excessive wa

This is an open access book. Universiti Teknologi MARA is proud to host the International Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Computing, Engineerin

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Technologies and Innovation, CITI 2023, held in Guayaquil, Ecuador, during