The intense temperature fields caused by heat sources in welding frequently lead to distortions and residual stresses in the finished product. Welding distortio

As a fabrication technology, welding presents a number of technical challenges to the designer, manufacturer, and end-user of the welded structures. Both weld r

Welding techniques and associated weld distortion problems encountered in heavy industries are very typical and need to be dealt with from a view point of their