Before 1850, the field of medicine was almost completely closed to women. In 1850, a group of radical reformist male Quaker physicians and associates founded th

Josephine McCarty had many identities. But in Albany, New York, she was known as "Dr. Emma Burleigh," the abortionist of Howard Street. On January 17, 1872, McC

In the late nineteenth century, medical educators intent on transforming American physicians into scientifically trained, elite professionals recognized the val